1960s

1960:

-Kennedy elected as President-seventy million people watched.

-Queen first message at Christmas.

-Top Nazi murderer of Jews, Adolf Eichmann, captured by Israelis in Argentina (May 23)—executed in Israel in 1962.

-Communist China and Soviet Union split in conflict over Communist ideology.

-The Pill goes on sale
Oral contraception which is 99% effective has a liberating effect on the English approach to sex.

1961:

-Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human in space.

-First episode of Songs of Praise.

-U.S. breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba.

- Cuba invaded at Bay of Pigs ( an unsuccessful invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles, supported by the U.S. government) by an estimated 1,200 anti-Castro exiles aided by U.S.; invasion crushed.

1962:

-Marilyn Monroe dies of a drug overdose at age 36.
-Government regulations force studios out of the talent agency business.

-Kennedy orders Cuban blockade.

-Cuba releases 1,113 prisoners of 1961 invasion attempt.

-Burundi, Jamaica, Western Samoa, Uganda, and Trinidad and Tobago become independent.

1963:

-JFK assassinated, shot and killed by Jack Ruby, Dallas nightclub owner

-Civil rights rally held by 200,000 blacks and whites in Washington, D.C.; Martin Luther King delivers “I have a dream” speech (Aug. 28).

-Kenya achieves independence.

1964:

-Nelson Mendela sentenced to life imprisonment after being found guilty of high treason, sparking off protests around the world.

-Top of the Pops.

1965:

-Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and more than 2,600 other blacks arrested in Selma, Ala., during three-day demonstrations against voter-registration rules.

-Malcolm X, black-nationalist leader, shot to death at Harlem rally in New York City

-Churchill dies.

-'Tomorrow's World', a show about new technologies and inventions.

-Kenneth Tynan first person to say F word on tv.

1966:

-England World Cup.

1967:

-First heart transplant.

-Coronation Street, 20 million viewers.

-Stamp with Queen on it.

-Sexual Offences Act
This Act ends the total ban on sex between men which has been in place since 1885.

1968:

-Sudents riot in Paris as they object to the apparent closure of the city's uni. hundreds arrested.

-First black woman police officer.

-First issue of Time Out. The essential listings guide to everything that's cool in London.

-"Rivers of Blood" speech. Enoch Powell makes his "Rivers of Blood" speech in Birmingham, stirring up racial prejudice and calling for forced re-patriation of immigrants.

1969:

-Stonewall riot in New York City marks beginning of gay rights movement.

-Neil Armstrong, first man to walk on the moon.

-Kray Twins convicted of murder. The East End's most notorious gangsters are convicted at the Old Bailey. The Kray twins were celebrities as well as violent criminals.

-Concorde was created.

-Benny Hill's first appearance - known for chasing scantily clad women, Benny Hill is one of this country's top comedy exports.

-voting age reduced to 18.

-Women's Liberation Workshop is founded.

-Parliament votes to outlaw capital punishment.

1950s

1950:

-Korean War begins when North Korean Communist forces invade South Korea (June 25).

-First BBC programme for toddlers.

-Saturday morning children's programming begins.
-Phonevision, the first pay-per-view service, becomes available.

-First time television images are transmitted across the channel.

-BBCs first broadcast from the House of Commons.

-Assassination attempt on President Truman by Puerto Rican nationalists (Nov. 1).

1951:

-King Geogre opens the Festival of Britain, marking the anniversary of the Great Exhibition of 1851-capturing the post-war public's imagination.

-Julius and Ethel Rosenberg sentenced to death for passing atomic secrets to Russians (March).

- Libya gains independence (Dec. 24).

-Television cameras are allowed on 10 Downing Street for the first time.

-CBS in the US transmits the first colour programme.

-Hydrogen bomb developed.

1952:

-George VI dies, his funeral is broadcasted live on television, first time a monarch's funeral could be shared=establishing a tradition of Royal television events; his daughter becomes Elizabeth II (Feb. 6).

-Identity Cards are abolished.

-The first programme for deaf children (BBC)

-BBC's first major panel games, 'Animal, Vegetable, Mineral?'

-London smog kills 4,000 Londoners from respiratory diseases

1953:
-James Watson and Francis Crick discover the structure of the DNA, they announce that they have "found the secret of life", their work explains genetic inheritance.

-To counteract the threat of television, Hollywood thinks big and develops wide-screen processes.

-East Berliners rise against Communist rule.

-Egypt becomes republic ruled by military junta.

-Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed in Sing Sing prison.

-Moscow announces explosion of hydrogen bomb.

-The Queen's coronation is the first time TV gets a bigger audience than radio! (BBC)

-First British science-fiction series (BBC).

-Panorama airs as a cultural review (BBC).

-Heart and lung machine first used in surgery.

1954:

-The revenue for television broadcasters finally surpasses that of radio broadcasters. Gross revenue for television is $593 million.

-Algerian War of Independence against France begins (Nov.); France struggles to maintain colonial rule until 1962 when it agrees to Algeria's independence.

-First in-vision weatherman-George Cowling (BBC).

-First transmission of newsreel (BBC).

-Television Act becomes law.

-'The Grove Family' is first soap for adults (BBC).

-David Attenboroug becomes a star!

1955:

-Rosa Parks, a black American, refuses to move from the white section of a bus in Alabama=boycott of local buses by blacks and helps set in motion of the US Civil Rights movement (Martin Luther King).
-James Dean dies in a car accident at age 26.
-BBC's monopoly of British TV is over as ITV begins broadcasting.

1956:

-First European Cup Final

1957:

-first Earth-orbiting satellite—the Space Age begins.

-Lewisham Train crash, 92 people die when 2 trains collide in the fog

1958:

-European Economic Community (Common Market) becomes effective

-The first CND protests.

-Blue Peter.

-Notting Hill riots.

1959:

-M1 motorway opens.

-First Sikh temple in Southall.

-Rumors of cheating on quiz shows erupt into a national scandal.

-Cuban President Batista resigns and flees—Castro takes over.

-Tibet's Dalai Lama escapes to India.

London's economy and jobs
Manufacturing firms flourished during the 1950s, particularly those making consumer goods such as televisions, washing machines and radios. 'White collar' jobs were on the increase as an office boom brought over 50,000 new jobs to London and service took a bigger share of London’s overall economy.
By the 1950s services accounted for 51% of London’s economy, manufacturing accounted for 42%. Women benefited most from the new office jobs. During the 1950s women came to outnumber men in London's offices, for the first time ever.

Wednesday, April 02nd cover work-essay for 'The Sun online' homepage and BBC News report.

Text One is 'The Sun Online' homepage (07/04/08) from the internet and the function of it is to inform people of the daily news. Text Two is the BBC News report (04-06-89) about the Tiananmen Square massacre, the function of this is also informing the people about news.

The BBCs main aim is to inform, educate and entertain (Reighian). This news clip both informs and educates the audience as it is informing them of the massacre in Tiananmen square which is in a different country, therefore they do not have a great deal of insight on it. The audience are being educated about worldwide events and are learning about politics in different countries. This clip shows that the BBC considers global news as well as local. However, on The Sun homepage, this is not the case as all of the stories are either from America or Britain. This reflects the globalised world we live in today. The difference of stories in both texts reflect upon the suggested target audience. The BBC clip is considered "hard news" (Galtung and Rouge) because it is based upon a serious political story, whereas The Sun homepage is considered "soft news" as most of the stories are about celebrities. Therefore, the audience for the BBC in 1989 were presumably middle/upper class professionals, whereas the audience for The Sun homepage are probably working class.

The BBC news clip shows the political "mayhem" China was in during the 1980s. This story can be linked to current issues in China regarding Tibet which have featured on BBC news. Here, China is represented as a politically unstable and corrupt country because it is still seen as being in distress. This also represents the BBC as liberal because they are focusing on news from an LEDC Asian country, which 18 years ago was probably not seen as important as it is now, however, the BBC did regard it as an important story. Nevertheless, the victims are represented as "naive" by the BBC, this could represent the BBC as being offensive towards Chinese people, also, they would probably not be able to say this about residents of another country in today's news because it would be seen as offensive and they would receive many complaints as England is a much more multicultural country than it was in the 80s. This offensive attitude towards another country can be seen as hegemonic because the presenter is white and the BBC have been criticised as being "ridiculously white" (Greg Dyke), therefore, the audience are being injected with white ideologies. However, todays multiculturalism and acceptance of different ethnicities are reflected on The Sun homepage as there are three stories regarding black people, one is about the singer Jay-Z and the other is about footballer Rio Ferdinand and finally, there is an article about chat show host Trisha Goddard. On the other hand, even though this is showing racial equality by signifying the importance of black people today, it also supports the point that black people are portrayed as "entertainers" (Tony...).

Furthermore, representation remains an issue. On The Sun homepage, there is over representation of women. However, women are sexually objectified as there are approximately four stories regarding women,and the word "sexy" and pictures of women in lingerie. This is not surprising as The sun is infamous for their Page Three. Moreover, the owner of The Sun is Rupert Murdoch, therefore it can be seen as a hegemonic newspaper as the audience are being injected with male ideologies that women are to be looked at, reinforcing Laura Mulvey's theory that women are to be looked at by the male gaze. On the other hand, this is not the case of the BBC where the presenter is a woman, therefore she is represented as an educated, professional and independent woman as opposed to being infamous for selling her body (Jordan story from The Sun homepage) and is not sexually objectified. Again, this represents the BBC as liberal.

Whilst the BBC news clip discusses the rage in China, The Sun newspaper is still clinging on to the Diana inquest. Even though Princess Diana died twelve years ago The Sun still feel it is important to discuss her death, this could represent The Sun as patriotic because it symbolises the importance of royalty to England. This can also be supported by the fact that the main colour scheme on The Sun homepage is red and white, which are also predominant colours of the English flag. Similarly, this is also a main headline on the BBC homepage (07/04/08).

The differences between these two texts are that The Sun homepage has an advantage because it is accessible to the nation. As the internet is growing every day, almost every household has access to the internet, therefore, the headlines on The Sun homepage can be viewed 24/7 whereas the BBC news clip was aired on TV, therefore it was probably not as effective as The Sun homepage is today. However, the BBC now have a website, a text service which enables their eudience to receive texts about the main headlines (no matter what country they are in), ability to watch the news online and a BBC News channel. Therefore, the BBC are now much more effective in pleasing their audience.

media guardian story
The BBC3 controller, Danny Cohen, has bought the antipodean mockumentary series Summer Heights High from the Australian broadcaster ABC.The BBC digital channel will show the eight-part series, a darkly comic parody of Australian school life, shot in the style of a documentary and created by the comedian Chris Lilley, later this year.In the series Lilley plays all three main characters, including a camp drama teacher called Mr G, who is known for writing musicals for his students including one called Tsunamarama, based on the events of the 2004 tsunami disaster, set to the music of Bananarama.Lilley also plays Ja'mie King, a pampered and manipulative 16-year-old female student transferred from a private school.He also plays the rebellious 13-year-old Pacific Islander student Jonah Takalua, who is known for scrawling his graffiti tag "dicktation" around Summer Heights High, and for phrases such as "I'm not dumb, I'm just choosing not to be smart at the moment".The supporting cast includes David Lennie as the social officer Doug Peterson, and Kristy Barnes-Cullen as the English teacher Sarah Wheatley.Summer Heights High has already been bought by the US cable network HBO and attracted the support of the influential showbiz blogger Perez Hilton, who recently called it one of his "favourite shows on the planet". The Australian show will be broadcast in the US later this year.When it debuted on ABC in September last year, the series, which is shot in Melbourne, also performed well, peaking at 1.6 million viewers and averaging about 1.2 million, an overall share of around 20%.Lucy Lumsden, the BBC's controller of comedy commissioning, said: "Summer Heights High is a fantastic addition to the BBC3 comedy lineup for 2008 - with a truly brilliant central performance from Chris Lilley."

THIS ARTICLE IS IMPORTANT AS IT LOOKS AT DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROGRAMMES IN AUSTRAILIA WHICH THE BBC IS AIMING TO INVEST IN. THIS ARTICLE ALSO INCLUDES INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS ABC AND HBO WHICH YOU CAN INCLUDE IN YOUR ISSUES AND DEBATES MODULE

Which company is Microsoft in merger talks with, and why?
ITV to support a share price.

Which Broadband provider narrowly avoided sanctions from the ASA this week?
Virgin Media

Who featured on YouTube, describing scientology as 'a blast'?
Tom Cruise

What, according to Screen Digest's latest report, is behind a 38% increase in online TV viewing?
BBC IPlayer

Which controversial E4 drama is set to return for a second series?
Skins

Which 3-month strike looks set to be resolved just in time for the Oscars?
Hollywood's striking film and TV writers.

Which film surprised the bookies by winning the most Baftas?

Edith Piaf biopic, La Vie En Rose

Which recent media scandal appears to have hit BT's share price?

Mini laptop

Which black comedian has recently criticised the media for being 'too white and too middleclass'?

Lenny Henry

Who has attacked the BBC, complaining that its programming decisions are based on 'its own survivalist needs rather than the licence-payer's desires'?

Grange Hill creator Phil Redmond has criticised the BBC for axing the school drama


Channel 4 have just made a new appointment. Who have they appointed and why is that appointment controversial?
Jonathon Ross and Celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal is set to be the first to move in a deal reported to be worth around £1m - twice what the BBC felt it could offer.

Which popular website has been banned in Pakistan, and why?
You Tube because of anti-Islamic film clips.

What aspect of the internet is culture secretary, Andy Burnham, determined to crack down on?

film production to recorded music, from advertising to fashion.

Didn't he do well to reach 80? (Question: who on earth am I talking about?)

Bruce Forsythe

ITV's programming has recently undergone a revamp. Which audience were they attempting to reach out to?

younger, upmarket viewers

Which pair of auteurs won an impressive number of Oscars last week?

The Coen brothers

2. Which royal was the subject of a controversial media blackout recently, and why?

Prince Harry, an Australian magazine wrote about that the third in line to the throne was on deployment in Helmand Province

3. Why is Michael Grade under pressure this week?

ITV's profits fell 35% year on year and with the company's share price faltering.

4. Which natural history presenter bowed-out on Monday night, and how many viewers tuned-in to watch his swansong?

David Attenborough, 6.1 million viewers.

5. Which Tory peer and one-time Daily Telegraph owner has just been jailed for embezzlement?

Conrad Black

Why is BBC Worldwide's acquisition strategy under fire?
lower profits this year.

2. Which series of programmes has opened the BBC up to allegations of racism?

White Season

3. Why has the ASA banned the latest ad for Ghd's hair straighteners?

because it was likely to cause serious offence, especially to Christians, and banned it from British screens.

4. Why are some blaming the press for the suicide of Chief Constable Mike Todd?

Unconfirmed reports stated that Todd's behaviour over the past few days had concerned colleagues, and there was speculation that a Sunday newspaper was planning to run a story on him.

5. Which glossy women's mag is about to undergo an online re-launch?

Cosmopolitan

McCann lawyers warn Express group

Friday March 7 2008

Lawyers acting for Kate and Gerry McCann are considering taking legal action against Express Newspapers over what the couple claim to be a series of "wildly and grossly defamatory" articles about their missing daughter Madeleine.
The McCanns have made official complaints to Richard Desmond's newspaper group about its coverage in the Daily Express, Sunday Express, Daily Star and Daily Star Sunday through London law firm Carter Ruck, which specialises in high profile libel cases.
They are thought to be particularly upset by the coverage in the Daily Express, which has splashed on a nearly daily basis on the Madeleine case with what they believe are increasingly lurid stories and headlines.
The McCanns' spokesman, Clarence Mitchell, confirmed that complaints had been made to the newspaper group.
"Carter Ruck have been instructed to act on behalf of the McCanns to seek redress and discussions are ongoing, but beyond that it would be inappropriate to speculate on other courses of action," he said.
Adam Tudor, who is acting for the McCanns at Carter Ruck, added: "I and my firm have been instructed to bring complaints on their behalf and these complaints are ongoing."
The McCanns' legal moves against Express Newspapers were reported by Private Eye this week, although Mitchell said the magazine's claim that the McCanns were seeking £4m in damages was "wildly speculative".
He added that any damages won would go back into the Find Madeleine fund, which currently stands at £544,000 - nearly half the £1.2m it started with.
Mitchell said the McCanns were not targeting any one story in particular but were angry about a series of "wildly and grossly defamatory articles".
It is understood the McCanns are focussing on Express Newspapers as they believe its newspapers to be "amongst the worst offenders" and want a full apology and damages as well as costs.
Under UK law, the McCanns and their lawyers have a year from the publication of an article to decide whether they wish to take legal action against its content.
It is thought that in the case of the coverage they are assessing, that year would be up some time in mid-May and a decision must be taken by then.
Express Newspapers was contacted by MediaGuardian.co.uk but had not commented by the time of publication.

This article is about a newspaper which has been writing 'bad' articles about Madeline McCann, i think this is wrong of the newspaper to do because they should be sympathetic and not try and sell more newspapers by writing cruel things about a kid-how sadistic! However, partially i think this whole situation is completely the McCanns fault, it was their fault for wanting so much publicity in the first place for losing their daughter (by leaving her ALONE-who does that, especially in a foreign country?) The McCanns need to be realistic, she's dead, after going on about it for so long the kidnapper is not going to keep her alive.

Psycho 1960 Trailer: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NG3-GlvKPcg

Media Language:
Black and white, lots of close up shots at the beginning of the trailer=makes it seem mysterious because the audience do not know what the significance of them are, loud music at the beginning=engages the audience, music then changes and there is a man on the screen talking, costumes=old fashioned clothing, medium shot of woman looking scared, long shot of a house with dark lighting causes mystery because it obviously has some significance and because it is in the dark it creates a 'spooky' atmosphere, man in sunglasses=suspicious, police man=trouble, "what are you running away from?" = someone is in trouble for doing??? Blood, knife= phallic symbol=murder.

Institution:
Alfred Hitchcock= the audience are only aware that it is his film in the middle of the trailer, this is probably because he is a well established producer and people will recognise his films.

Genre:
Horror, this is suggested by the music and the expression on the characters faces, knife = killings.

Representation:
Girl gets killed=portrayed as vulnerable, man=killer.

Audience:
aimed at people who have probably seen Hitchchock films before or are a fan of his films, aimed at predominantly men because they are (suggestedly) more interested in horror movies than women.

Ideologies:
Men are shown as killers (psycho), male voice over=dominant, patriarchal society.

Narrative:
chronological order, the narrative fulfills the genre.


Halloween 2007 Trailer: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kww5KSqzV9U

Media Language:
opens with a voice over=sounds scary because he has an exra deep voice, and is speaking slowly. Dark colours, green and black, set at night = spoooky, something scary is going to happen , animal cruelty-similar to that of Fatal Attraction. use of masks creates suspense, also apparent in Texas Chainsaw Massacre.

Genre:
horror, this is obvious to the audience because the music in the background and the slow voice over, colours used etc.

Representation:
the woman is represented as vulnerable at the beginning of the trailer because she is beoing groped by a man and is scantily clad.

Audience:
Fans of horror movies. Men because they supposedly prefer the horror genre.

Ideologies:
patriachal=male voice over

Similarities:
Both trailers have knives, male voice over, low key lighting and a woman screming.

ESSAY:

The Psycho trailer opens with a more engaging scene than the Halloween trailer because at the beginning of the Psycho trailer the audience instantly see one of the main clips of the movie and the music is very engaging (string instruments, a typical convention of slasher). This automatically engages the audience because it creates suspense right from the beginning of the trailer. However, the beginning of the Halloween there is a slow speaking male voice over. This connotes a patriarchal society because the trailer makers are relying on the voiceover to sell the movie. There is also a male voice over in the Psycho trailer but does not appear as quickly as the on in Halloween. Furthermore, the Halloween trailer also relies on on-screen text. This could portray that more recently (when Halloween, 2007) there are more slasher movies made resulting in more competition, whereas when Psycho was made there was not so much competition as opposed to Halloween.

Furthermore, both trailers use close-up-shots to create suspense and focus on the emotions of the characters. In both trailers the victims are women, again this suggests a patriarchal society because the male is dominant and has all power. The women are represented as victims suggesting that they should be punished for whatever sin they have committed. Similarly, this is also the case in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974) where the female who is most sexually active (and coincidentally wearing red) gets killed first. Both films having the female victim shows that women are still under represented in society because they are still portrayed as victims and vulnerable as opposed to being successful. This could suggest that the target audience of both films are males because women may feel oppressed by watching women portrayed in such a way whereas, men may find it satisfying watching a woman being tortured especially with the use of close-ups the male can feel as if they are in control of the women on screen.

Moreover, another similarity of both trailers is that they both use knives. This is a typical convention of a slasher genre and shows that it is obviously successful because they still use knives. Again, this can suggest that the audience of these films are males because knives suggest a gruesome clips and it is a fact that women prefer to watch ‘chick flicks’ or ‘romantic comedies’. Another generic convention both trailers use is low-key lighting. Low-key lighting is used to create an eerie effect and cause suspense because people know that murders and generally ‘bad things’ happen during night time. Both trailers also focus on an isolated house. Again this is a convention of slasher movies as this is also apparent at the beginning of ‘I know what you did last summer’. This is done so the audience can sympathise with the characters because being alone during creates an uncanny feeling anyway. Finally, the female screaming is also used in both trailers. This is done to reassures the audience there is some kind of horror present in the film and makes them want to watch the movie because they will as to what happens, who it is that is screaming and whether the issue is resolved or not (creating suspense throughout the movie).

The Psycho trailer fulfils its genre by asking rhetorical questions: “What are you running away from?” This is done to scare the audience because they know someone is after another person in the film and again creates anticipation. In Halloween the narrator and on-screen texts states that “there exists a dark side in everybody”. This is done to create characterisation so the audience can sympathise and empathise with the characters. Equally, in both trailers the audience are addressed, the effect of this is that the audience will partially feel the victim throughout the film to make them feel frightened, therefore the film will be fulfilling its genre.

The main difference is that Psycho is a black and white film whereas Halloween is in colour. In the 60’s (when Psycho was produced) the technology was not as advanced as it was when Halloween was produced.
Halloween has the advantage and therefore seems more realistic as opposed to Psycho which because it looks so dated (to viewers now), seems like an unrealistic ‘story’. Therefore, the audience would find it easier to adapt to the settings making it easier for them to put themselves in the character’s situation and fulfilling the genres aim by making the audience feel as afraid as possible.